Administration

715 commands

date date '+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'date -d 'yesterday'hostname hostname -I hostnamectl hostnamectl status id timedatectl set-ntp true uname -a uname -m uname -r uptime uptime -p whoami df -h df -hT df -i dmidecode -t memory dmidecode -t processor du -ah dir/ | sort -rh | head du -h --max-depth=1 dir/du -sh dir/du -xhd1 /var finger username free -h free -m inxi -F iostat iostat -x 1 iostat -xz 1 last last -a last -n 20 lastlog lsblk lsblk -f lsblk -o NAME,SIZE,TYPE,MOUNTPOINT lscpu lshw lshw -short lspci lspci -v lsusb lsusb -v sar -u 1 5 vmstat vmstat 1 vmstat 1 5 w who who -a who -b fuser -k 80/tcp fuser -v 80/tcp fuser 80/tcp htop htop -u alice lsof lsof -i :80 lsof -p 1234 lsof -u alice pgrep -af nginx pgrep -u alice pgrep nginx ps ps --sort=-%cpu | head ps --sort=-%mem | head ps -ef ps -eo pid,ppid,cmd,%cpu,%mem ps -p 1234 ps aux ps aux | grep nginx pstree pstree -p top top -b -n 1 top -d 2 top -p 1234 top -u alice journalctl journalctl --disk-usage journalctl --since '1 hour ago'journalctl --since '2024-01-01' --until '2024-01-02'journalctl --vacuum-size=100M journalctl -b journalctl -b -1 journalctl -f journalctl -n 50 journalctl -p err journalctl -p err -b journalctl -u nginx journalctl -u nginx -f service nginx restart systemctl cat nginx systemctl edit nginx systemctl get-default systemctl is-active nginx systemctl is-enabled nginx systemctl is-failed nginx systemctl isolate multi-user.target systemctl list-timers systemctl list-unit-files systemctl list-units systemctl list-units --state=failed systemctl list-units --type=service systemctl poweroff systemctl reboot systemctl set-default graphical.target systemctl status nginx systemctl suspend apt list --installed apt list --upgradable apt search keyword apt show nginx apt update apt-cache depends nginx apt-cache policy nginx apt-cache search keyword apt-cache show nginx chattr +i file chattr -i file chgrp -R group dir/chgrp group file chmod +x file chmod -R 755 dir/chmod -x file chmod 644 file chmod 755 file chmod a+r file chmod g+w file chmod o-r file chmod u+x file chmod u=rwx,g=rx,o=r file chown -R user:group dir/chown user file chown user:group file getfacl file lsattr file setfacl -m u:alice:rw file setfacl -x u:alice file umask umask 022 umask 077 su su - username sudo !!sudo -i sudo -l sudo -s sudo -u user command sudo command bg bg %2 disown %1 disown -h %1 fg fg %2 jobs jobs -l kill -9 1234 kill -HUP 1234 kill -l kill 1234 killall nginx nice -n -10 command nice -n 10 command nohup command &nohup command > output.log 2>&1 &pkill -9 nginx pkill -f gunicorn pkill -u alice pkill nginx renice -n 10 -p 1234 renice 10 -p 1234 addgroup developers chage -M 90 alice chage -l alice gpasswd -a alice developers gpasswd -d alice developers groupdel developers groupmod -n newname developers newgrp developers passwd passwd -e alice passwd -l alice passwd -u alice passwd alice useradd -G sudo,docker alice useradd -m -s /bin/bash alice useradd -m alice useradd -u 1500 alice useradd alice userdel -r alice userdel alice usermod -L alice usermod -U alice usermod -aG docker alice usermod -aG sudo alice usermod -l newname alice usermod -s /bin/zsh alice visudo visudo -c systemctl daemon-reload systemctl disable --now nginx systemctl disable nginx systemctl enable --now nginx systemctl enable nginx systemctl mask nginx systemctl reload nginx systemctl restart nginx systemctl start nginx systemctl stop nginx systemctl unmask nginx at 14:00 atq atrm 3 batch apt autoclean apt autoremove apt autoremove --purge apt clean apt full-upgrade apt install --no-install-recommends nginx apt install -y nginx apt install nginx apt purge nginx apt remove nginx apt upgrade dpkg --get-selections dpkg -L nginx dpkg -S /usr/bin/nginx dpkg -i package.deb dpkg -l dpkg -l | grep nginx dpkg -r nginx flatpak install flathub org.gimp.GIMP flatpak list flatpak uninstall org.gimp.GIMP flatpak update snap find keyword snap install vlc snap list snap refresh snap remove vlc blkid blkid /dev/sdb1 findmnt findmnt -no SOURCE,TARGET,FSTYPE /var mount mount -a mount -o remount,ro /mnt mount -t ext4 /dev/sdb1 /mnt mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/data umount -l /mnt umount -l /mnt/data umount /mnt/data btrfs balance start /btrfs balance status /btrfs filesystem df /btrfs scrub start -Bd /btrfs scrub status /btrfs subvolume list /dumpe2fs -h /dev/sdb1 e2fsck -f /dev/sdb1 fsck -f /dev/sdb1 fsck -y /dev/sdb1 fsck /dev/sdb1 resize2fs /dev/sdb1 resize2fs /dev/sdb1 20G resize2fs /dev/vgdata/lvdata tune2fs -L 'mylabel' /dev/sdb1 tune2fs -l /dev/sdb1 xfs_info /mnt/data add-apt-repository --remove ppa:user/repo add-apt-repository ppa:user/repo apt-mark hold nginx apt-mark unhold nginx atop cal cal 2025 cat /etc/os-release cat /proc/cpuinfo cat /proc/mdstat cat /proc/meminfo chronyc makestep chronyc sources -v chronyc tracking coredumpctl info nginx coredumpctl list dpkg-reconfigure tzdata dstat e2label /dev/sdb1 newlabel faillog filefrag -v /var/lib/postgresql/data/base/1/12345 fio --name=randread --filename=/tmp/fio.test --size=1G --rw=randread fstrim -av getconf LONG_BIT getent group sudo getent passwd alice glances groups grpck hdparm -I /dev/sda ioping -c 10 /var localectl status loginctl list-sessions loginctl show-session 2 lsb_release -a ltrace command mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1 mkfs.vfat /dev/sdb1 mkfs.xfs /dev/sdb1 mpstat -P ALL 1 ncdu /var nmon nproc ntpq -p ntpstat pidstat 1 pvmove /dev/sdb pwck smartctl -a /dev/sda strace -p 1234 strace command sync systemd-analyze blame systemd-analyze critical-chain systemd-cgls systemd-cgtop time command timeout 30 command unattended-upgrade -d vigr vipw wait 1234 watch -n 2 df -h xfs_growfs /mnt/data xfs_repair /dev/sdb1 fdisk -l fdisk /dev/sdb parted /dev/sdb mkpart primary ext4 0% 50%parted /dev/sdb print mkswap /dev/sdb2 swapoff -a swapoff /dev/sdb2 swapon --show swapon /dev/sdb2 lvcreate -L 50G -n lvdata vgdata lvextend -L +20G /dev/vgdata/lvdata lvreduce -L 20G /dev/vgdata/lvdata lvremove /dev/vgdata/lvdata lvs lvscan pvcreate /dev/sdb pvs vgcreate vgdata /dev/sdb vgextend vgdata /dev/sdc vgremove vgdata vgs vgscan mdadm --create /dev/md0 --level=1 --raid-devices=2 /dev/sdb /dev/sdc mdadm --detail /dev/md0 mdadm --examine /dev/sdb cryptsetup luksClose securedata cryptsetup luksDump /dev/sdb1 cryptsetup luksFormat /dev/sdb1 cryptsetup luksOpen /dev/sdb1 securedata cryptsetup status securedata badblocks -sv /dev/sdb dd if=/dev/sda of=/dev/sdb bs=64K dd if=/dev/sda of=disk.img bs=4M dd if=/dev/zero of=file bs=1M count=100 bpftrace -l 'tracepoint:*'perf record -p 1234 -- sleep 30 perf report perf stat -p 1234 perf top stress --vm 2 --timeout 60 stress-ng --cpu 4 --timeout 60 sysdig lsmod modinfo i915 modinfo -p i915 modprobe nf_tables modprobe -r nf_tables modprobe -a drm modprobe --show-depends nf_tables depmod -a grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg update-grub grub-install /dev/sda grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2 grub-editenv list grub-reboot 2 update-initramfs -u update-initramfs -c -k 6.8.0-45-generic update-initramfs -d -k 6.8.0-45-generic mkinitramfs -o /boot/initrd.img-6.8.0-45-generic 6.8.0-45-generic dracut --force efibootmgr -v efibootmgr -b 0001 -B efibootmgr -c -d /dev/sda -p 1 -L 'Ubuntu' -l '\EFI\ubuntu\shimx64.efi'efibootmgr -o 0001,0002 systemctl daemon-reexec systemctl reset-failed nginx systemctl show nginx -p ExecStart systemctl list-dependencies --after sshd.service systemctl set-property nginx.service CPUQuota=50%systemctl edit --full nginx systemctl revert nginx systemctl list-unit-files --state=enabled systemctl list-units --type=target systemctl list-timers --all systemd-analyze verify /etc/systemd/system/nginx.service systemd-analyze security nginx.service systemd-analyze boot systemd-analyze calendar 'Mon 02:00'systemd-run --unit=myjob --on-calendar 'Mon 02:00' /usr/local/bin/backup.sh systemd-cat -t myapp echo hello systemd-tmpfiles --create systemd-tmpfiles --clean systemd-escape 'nginx service'journalctl -k journalctl -o json-pretty journalctl _SYSTEMD_UNIT=nginx.service journalctl --list-boots pvdisplay pvscan vgdisplay vgreduce vgdata /dev/sdc vgchange -ay vgchange -an lvcreate -l 100%FREE -n lvbackup vgdata lvextend -r -L +10G /dev/vgdata/lvdata lvresize -L 10G /dev/vgdata/lvdata lvrename vgdata lvdata lvdata2 lvdisplay /dev/vgdata/lvdata pvremove /dev/sdb lvconvert --type raid1 -m 1 vgdata/lvdata vgcfgbackup vgdata mdadm --detail --scan mdadm --stop /dev/md0 mdadm --add /dev/md0 /dev/sdd1 mdadm --remove /dev/md0 /dev/sdb1 mdadm --fail /dev/md0 /dev/sdb1 mdadm --zero-superblock /dev/sdb1 mdadm --assemble /dev/md0 mdadm --detail --scan >> /etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf quotaon /dev/mapper/vgdata-lvdata quotaon -a quotaoff -a quotacheck -cum /dev/mapper/vgdata-lvdata edquota -u alice edquota -g developers edquota -t repquota -a repquota -uvs /home setquota -u alice 100M 120M 0 0 /home quota -u alice xfs_quota -x -c 'report -h' /mnt/data mount --bind /var/www /mnt/site mount -o loop disk.img /mnt/img mount -o remount,ro /mount -t tmpfs tmpfs /mnt/ram umount -f /mnt/stuck mount -o vers=4.2 server:/srv/nfs /mnt/nfs mount -t cifs //server/share /mnt/windows -o username=alice findmnt -t ext4 findmnt /home findmnt --fstab swapon -a tune2fs -c 30 /dev/sdb1 tune2fs -m 5 /dev/sdb1 e2fsck -p /dev/sdb1 blkid -o export /dev/sdb1 mkfs.ext4 -L data -m 0 /dev/sdb1 udevadm info -q path -n /dev/sda udevadm info -e udevadm info -a -n /dev/sda udevadm monitor udevadm trigger udevadm settle udevadm control --reload udevadm test /sys/class/net/eth0 sensors sensors -f sensors -j dmidecode -s system-serial-number lsblk -o NAME,SIZE,TYPE,MOUNTPOINT,FSTYPE systemctl rescue systemctl emergency systemctl default systemctl kexec systemctl switch-root /mnt/rootfs systemctl soft-reboot telinit 3 telinit 5 runlevel shutdown -r +5 'rebooting for maintenance'shutdown -c shutdown -h now wall 'System going down in 5 minutes'chroot /mnt/rootfs /bin/bash chroot /mnt/rootfs passwd root chroot /mnt/rootfs grub-install /dev/sda systemd-nspawn -D /mnt/rootfs systemd-nspawn -D /mnt/rootfs --bind-ro /etc/resolv.conf pam-auth-update pam-auth-update --package authselect select sssd authselect current authselect list authselect enable-feature with-mkhomedir chage -E 2026-12-31 alice usermod -g developers alice usermod -e 2026-12-31 alice groupadd docker gpasswd -a alice docker gpasswd -d alice docker exportfs -v exportfs -u /srv/nfs showmount -d server showmount -a nfs-server nfsstat -m /mnt/nfs systemctl restart nfs-kernel-server smbclient -L localhost -U alice smbclient //server/share -U alice smbpasswd -x alice smbpasswd -d alice pdbedit -a -u alice testparm -s systemctl restart smbd apt-mark showhold dpkg -P nginx dpkg --configure -a dpkg --audit dpkg -c package.deb dpkg -s nginx dpkg-reconfigure nginx add-apt-repository ppa:ondrej/php apt download nginx snap install chromium snap info chromium snap connections snap revert chromium snap refresh --list flatpak run org.gimp.GIMP flatpak search gimp flatpak remotes flatpak override --filesystem=home org.gimp.GIMP dnf install nginx dnf remove nginx dnf update dnf list --installed dnf provides /usr/bin/nginx rpm -qa rpm -ivh package.rpm rpm -e nginx rpm -qf /etc/nginx/nginx.conf chmod u+s helper.sh chmod g+s /srv/shared chmod +t /tmp/shared chmod 4755 /usr/local/bin/app sudo chattr +a /var/log/app.log sudo chattr +i /etc/hosts lsattr -d /srv/data getfacl -R /srv/shared sudo setfacl -m g:devs:rx /srv/shared sudo setfacl -R -m g:devs:rx /srv/shared sudo setfacl -x g:devs /srv/shared sudo setfacl -m m::rx /srv/shared sudo setcap -r /usr/local/bin/app ls -Z /etc/passwd chown --reference=template.txt report.pdf ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Madrid /etc/localtime readlink /etc/alternatives/python3 realpath script.sh realpath -m /etc/../usr/bin/env stat -c '%F %s %y' report.pdf stat -f /home file --mime-type report.pdf file -z data.tar.gz basename /path/to/file.txt basename -s .txt /path/to/file.txt dirname /path/to/file.txt which -a python3 type -a ls command -v ls hash -r printf '%05d\n' 42 ulimit -n 4096 ulimit -u ulimit -a setsid ./daemon.sh disown -a wait -n kill -s TERM 1234 killall -u alice pkill -x nginx pgrep -c nginx renice -n -5 -p 1234 ionice -c 3 -p 1234 ionice -c 2 -n 4 -p 1234 taskset -c 0,1 ./task taskset -pc 2 1234 sort -V versions.txt sort -t, -k2,2nr scores.csv cut -d: -f1,3 /etc/passwd tr -d '\r' < win.txt tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]' < file join -a 1 -t, -1 1 -2 1 <(sort -t, -k1,1 ids.csv) <(sort -t, -k1,1 scores.csv)comm -13 a.txt b.txt split -b 10m bigfile part_csplit -f part_ -b '%02d.txt' report.txt '/^Chapter/' '{*}'wc -L file head -n -5 file seq -w 1 10 shuf -i 1-100 -n 5 nl -ba notes.txt od -A x -t x1z firmware.bin xxd -i logo.png hexdump -C file sha256sum ubuntu-24.04.iso sha256sum -c SHA256SUMS md5sum file base64 file base64 -d file fold -s -w 40 README.md rev file pr -t -2 names.txt gsettings get org.gnome.desktop.background picture-uri gsettings set org.gnome.desktop.background picture-uri 'file:///home/alice/wall.jpg'gsettings list-recursively org.gnome.desktop.interface gsettings set org.gnome.desktop.interface gtk-theme 'Adwaita-dark'gsettings set org.gnome.desktop.interface text-scaling-factor 1.25 gsettings monitor org.gnome.desktop.interface dconf dump /org/gnome/ > gnome-backup.conf dconf load /org/gnome/ < gnome-backup.conf dconf watch /org/gnome/desktop/dconf reset -f /org/gnome/desktop/dconf read /org/gnome/desktop/background/picture-uri gnome-extensions list --enabled gnome-extensions disable ubuntu-appindicators@ubuntu.com gnome-extensions enable appindicators@ubuntu.com gnome-extensions info appindicators@ubuntu.com gio trash file.txt gio trash --empty gio open file.pdf gio info file.txt gio list ~/Documents xrandr xrandr --output HDMI-1 --mode 1920x1080 xrandr --output HDMI-1 --rate 144 xrandr --output eDP-1 --left-of HDMI-1 xrandr --output HDMI-1 --primary xrandr --output HDMI-1 --off xset s off xset dpms 600 600 600 xset q wlr-randr wlr-randr --output DP-1 --mode 2560x1440@60 pactl info pactl list sinks short pactl set-sink-volume @DEFAULT_SINK@ 80%pactl set-default-sink alsa_output.pci-0000_00_1f.3.analog-stereo pactl load-module module-null-sink sink_name=test pactl set-sink-mute @DEFAULT_SINK@ toggle pw-cli info all pw-cli ls Node pw-dump | jq -r '.[] | select(.type == "PipeWire:Interface:Node") | .info.props["node.name"]'wpctl status wpctl set-volume @DEFAULT_AUDIO_SINK@ 0.8 wpctl get-volume @DEFAULT_AUDIO_SINK@systemctl --user status pipewire systemctl --user restart pipewire journalctl --user -u pipewire -n 20 flatpak info org.gimp.GIMP flatpak ps flatpak uninstall --unused flatpak kill org.gimp.GIMP snap services snap changes snap set system refresh.retain=2 snap get system refresh.retain sudo update-alternatives --set editor /usr/bin/nano sudo update-alternatives --auto editor sudo update-alternatives --config editor update-alternatives --list editor sudo adduser alice sudo adduser alice sudo sudo adduser --disabled-password --comment '' alice sudo deluser alice sudo deluser --remove-home alice sudo groupadd developers sudo groupadd -g 1500 developers getent group developers getent services ssh sudo chage -d 0 alice sudo passwd -S alice sudo usermod -aG developers alice sudo usermod -s /usr/sbin/nologin alice sudo usermod -c 'Alice Smith' alice useradd -D sudo useradd -r -s /usr/sbin/nologin svc-backup sudo lastb last -x w alice loginctl show-session 2 -p State sudo loginctl terminate-user alice loginctl list-users loginctl lock-session timedatectl list-timezones | grep -i madrid sudo localectl set-locale LANG=es_ES.UTF-8 localectl list-locales | grep es_ES

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